rationalism & empiricism

outcome

Reconstruct how theories of perception, universals, certainty, and experience develop from Hobbes and Descartes through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.

hobbes & descartes

Hobbes and Descartes

capability

Connect materialism, nominalism, and representative perception to Hobbes; reconstruct doubt, certainty, God, innate ideas, and dualism in Descartes.

Hobbes is a derivative of the ancient materialists and ends up a total skeptic. Descartes is a derivative of Plato and Augustine and implants the Platonic approach deeply into modern philosophy at its outset. Hobbes denies consciousness. Descartes casts doubt on physical reality.

spinoza, leibniz, locke

Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke

capability

Compare rationalist monism/idealism with Locke on ideas, experience, substratum, reality, ethics, and politics.

berkeley & hume

Berkeley and Hume

capability

Trace the course argument from empiricism and appearance/reality to idealism, nominalism, sensualism, entities, causality, and ethics.

response

Sensory evidence, consciousness, concepts, validation

capability

Explain sense perception, law of identity, concept formation, stolen concept, fallibility, onus of proof, and arbitrary assertion.

phase problem

problem

Why do Rationalism and Empiricism reach a skeptical crisis in the course narrative? Identify the decisive premises and test the proposed alternative against the strongest objection you can formulate.